Deep Agents Code Review#

When reviewing Deep Agents code, check for these categories of issues.

Anti-confabulation (gate 0 — runs before every other gate)#

Before issuing any finding — flag a bug, anti-pattern, or improvement — you MUST echo the exact artifact you are judging, quoted from a source you read in this turn:

• The code finding: its file:line plus the cited code, read freshly now.
• The agent code under review: the create_deep_agent, backend, subagent, or middleware snippet your finding depends on, quoted from the file you just read.

The artifact is the only source of truth. Never infer what you are reviewing from the branch name, the working directory, surrounding files, or recollection. If your mental model differs from the freshly read source, the source wins. A finding issued without a same-turn echo of its target is invalid — emit the echo first, or do not emit the finding.

This gate exists because an LLM under contextual priming will confidently flag code that is not in the file. It runs before the gates below.

Review gates (evidence-bound)#

Run these steps in order before and while you write findings. Skipping a step is a failed review.

1. Locate — Enumerate call sites in scope ( create_deep_agent, CompiledSubAgent, CompositeBackend, custom backend=, interrupt_on, checkpointer, store). Pass: You list each relevant file path and line number (or a grep/search result that proves where the code lives).
2. Anchor — For each suspected issue, tie it to quoted or line-referenced code from those files, not to imports or names alone. Pass: Every finding includes evidence ( path:line plus a short quote or “absent parameter” note showing the gap).
3. Classify — Map each anchored issue to one category below (Critical → Performance) and a severity. Pass: The category label matches what the cited code actually does or omits.
4. Runtime claims — If you say something will error, fail at runtime, or leak data, Pass: The cited snippet shows the exact API combo (e.g. interrupt_on set with no checkpointer in the same construction path), or you state uncertain and what would confirm it.

If you cannot satisfy step 1, stop and say what file or search is missing instead of inferring issues from memory.

Critical Issues#

1. Missing Checkpointer with interrupt_on#

python

# BAD - interrupt_on without checkpointer
agent = create_deep_agent(
    tools=[send_email],
    interrupt_on={"send_email": True},
    # No checkpointer! Interrupts will fail
)

# GOOD - checkpointer required for interrupts
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import InMemorySaver

agent = create_deep_agent(
    tools=[send_email],
    interrupt_on={"send_email": True},
    checkpointer=InMemorySaver(),
)

2. Missing Store with StoreBackend#

python

# BAD - StoreBackend without store
from deepagents.backends import StoreBackend

agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt),
    # No store! Will raise ValueError at runtime
)

# GOOD - provide store
from langgraph.store.memory import InMemoryStore

store = InMemoryStore()
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=lambda rt: StoreBackend(rt),
    store=store,
)

3. Missing thread_id with Checkpointer#

python

# BAD - no thread_id when using checkpointer
agent = create_deep_agent(checkpointer=InMemorySaver())
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]})  # Error!

# GOOD - always provide thread_id
config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": "user-123"}}
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, config)

4. Relative Paths in Filesystem Tools#

python

# BAD - relative paths not supported
read_file(path="src/main.py")
read_file(path="./config.json")

# GOOD - absolute paths required
read_file(path="/workspace/src/main.py")
read_file(path="/config.json")

5. Windows Paths in Virtual Filesystem#

python

# BAD - Windows paths rejected
read_file(path="C:\\Users\\file.txt")
write_file(path="D:/projects/code.py", content="...")

# GOOD - Unix-style virtual paths
read_file(path="/workspace/file.txt")
write_file(path="/projects/code.py", content="...")

Backend Issues#

6. StateBackend Expecting Persistence#

python

# BAD - expecting files to persist across threads
agent = create_deep_agent()  # Uses StateBackend by default

# Thread 1
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": "a"}})
# Agent writes to /data/report.txt

# Thread 2 - file won't exist!
agent.invoke({"messages": [...]}, {"configurable": {"thread_id": "b"}})
# Agent tries to read /data/report.txt - NOT FOUND

# GOOD - use StoreBackend or CompositeBackend for cross-thread persistence
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=CompositeBackend(
        default=StateBackend(),
        routes={"/data/": StoreBackend(store=store)},
    ),
    store=store,
)

7. FilesystemBackend Without root_dir Restriction#

python

# BAD - unrestricted filesystem access
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/"),  # Full system access!
)

# GOOD - scope to project directory
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/home/user/project"),
)

8. CompositeBackend Route Order Confusion#

python

# BAD - shorter prefix shadows longer prefix
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=CompositeBackend(
        default=StateBackend(),
        routes={
            "/mem/": backend_a,        # This catches /mem/long-term/ too!
            "/mem/long-term/": backend_b,  # Never reached
        },
    ),
)

# GOOD - CompositeBackend sorts by length automatically
# But be explicit about your intent:
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=CompositeBackend(
        default=StateBackend(),
        routes={
            "/memories/": persistent_backend,
            "/workspace/": ephemeral_backend,
        },
    ),
)

9. Expecting execute Tool Without SandboxBackend#

python

# BAD - execute tool won't work with StateBackend
agent = create_deep_agent()  # Default StateBackend
# Agent calls execute("ls -la") → Error: not supported

# GOOD - use FilesystemBackend for shell execution
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/project"),
)
# Agent calls execute("ls -la") → Works

Subagent Issues#

10. Subagent Missing Required Fields#

python

# BAD - missing required fields
agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[{
        "name": "helper",
        # Missing: description, system_prompt, tools
    }]
)

# GOOD - all required fields present
agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[{
        "name": "helper",
        "description": "General helper for misc tasks",
        "system_prompt": "You are a helpful assistant.",
        "tools": [],  # Can be empty but must be present
    }]
)

11. Subagent Name Collision#

python

# BAD - duplicate subagent names
agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[
        {"name": "research", "description": "A", ...},
        {"name": "research", "description": "B", ...},  # Collision!
    ]
)

# GOOD - unique names
agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[
        {"name": "web-research", "description": "Web-based research", ...},
        {"name": "doc-research", "description": "Document research", ...},
    ]
)

12. Overusing Subagents for Simple Tasks#

python

# BAD - subagent overhead for trivial task
# In system prompt or agent behavior:
"Use the task tool to check the current time"
"Delegate file reading to a subagent"

# GOOD - use subagents for complex, isolated work
"Use the task tool for multi-step research that requires many searches"
"Delegate the full analysis workflow to a subagent"

13. CompiledSubAgent Without Proper State#

python

# BAD - subgraph with incompatible state schema
from langgraph.graph import StateGraph

class CustomState(TypedDict):
    custom_field: str  # No messages field!

sub_builder = StateGraph(CustomState)
# ... build graph
subgraph = sub_builder.compile()

agent = create_deep_agent(
    subagents=[CompiledSubAgent(
        name="custom",
        description="Custom workflow",
        runnable=subgraph,  # State mismatch!
    )]
)

# GOOD - ensure compatible state or use message-based interface
class CompatibleState(TypedDict):
    messages: Annotated[list, add_messages]
    custom_field: str

Middleware Issues#

14. Middleware Order Misunderstanding#

python

# BAD - expecting custom middleware to run first
class PreProcessMiddleware(AgentMiddleware):
    def transform_request(self, request):
        # Expecting this runs before built-in middleware
        return request

agent = create_deep_agent(middleware=[PreProcessMiddleware()])
# Actually runs AFTER TodoList, Filesystem, SubAgent, etc.

# GOOD - understand middleware runs after built-in stack
# Built-in order:
# 1. TodoListMiddleware
# 2. FilesystemMiddleware
# 3. SubAgentMiddleware
# 4. SummarizationMiddleware
# 5. AnthropicPromptCachingMiddleware
# 6. PatchToolCallsMiddleware
# 7. YOUR MIDDLEWARE HERE
# 8. HumanInTheLoopMiddleware (if interrupt_on set)

15. Middleware Mutating Request/Response#

python

# BAD - mutating instead of returning new object
class BadMiddleware(AgentMiddleware):
    def transform_request(self, request):
        request.messages.append(extra_message)  # Mutation!
        return request

# GOOD - return modified copy
class GoodMiddleware(AgentMiddleware):
    def transform_request(self, request):
        return ModelRequest(
            messages=[*request.messages, extra_message],
            **other_fields
        )

16. Middleware Tools Without Descriptions#

python

# BAD - tool without docstring
@tool
def my_tool(arg: str) -> str:
    return process(arg)

class MyMiddleware(AgentMiddleware):
    tools = [my_tool]  # LLM won't know how to use it!

# GOOD - descriptive docstring
@tool
def my_tool(arg: str) -> str:
    """Process the input string and return formatted result.

    Args:
        arg: The string to process

    Returns:
        Formatted result string
    """
    return process(arg)

System Prompt Issues#

17. Duplicating Built-in Tool Instructions#

python

# BAD - re-explaining what middleware already covers
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""You have access to these tools:
    - write_todos: Create task lists
    - read_file: Read files from the filesystem
    - task: Delegate to subagents

    When using files, always use absolute paths..."""
)
# This duplicates what FilesystemMiddleware and TodoListMiddleware inject!

# GOOD - focus on domain-specific guidance
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""You are a code review assistant.

    Workflow:
    1. Read the files to review
    2. Create a todo list of issues found
    3. Delegate deep analysis to subagents if needed
    4. Compile findings into a report"""
)

18. Contradicting Built-in Instructions#

python

# BAD - contradicting default behavior
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""Never use the task tool.
    Always process everything in the main thread.
    Don't use todos, just remember everything."""
)
# Fighting against the framework!

# GOOD - work with the framework
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""For simple tasks, handle directly.
    For complex multi-step research, use subagents.
    Track progress with todos for tasks with 3+ steps."""
)

19. Missing Stopping Criteria#

python

# BAD - no guidance on when to stop
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="Research everything about the topic thoroughly."
)
# Agent may run indefinitely!

# GOOD - define completion criteria
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""Research the topic with these constraints:
    - Maximum 5 web searches
    - Stop when you have 3 reliable sources
    - Limit subagent delegations to 2 parallel tasks
    - Summarize findings within 500 words"""
)

Performance Issues#

20. Not Parallelizing Independent Subagents#

python

# BAD - sequential subagent calls (in agent behavior)
# Agent calls: task(research topic A) → wait → task(research topic B) → wait

# GOOD - parallel subagent calls
# Agent calls in single turn:
#   task(research topic A)
#   task(research topic B)
#   task(research topic C)
# All run concurrently!

# Guide via system prompt:
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""When researching multiple topics,
    launch all research subagents in parallel in a single response."""
)

21. Large Files in State#

python

# BAD - writing large files to StateBackend
# Agent writes 10MB log file to /output/full_log.txt
# This bloats every checkpoint!

# GOOD - use FilesystemBackend for large files or paginate
agent = create_deep_agent(
    backend=CompositeBackend(
        default=StateBackend(),  # Small files
        routes={
            "/large_files/": FilesystemBackend(root_dir="/tmp/agent"),
        },
    ),
)

22. InMemorySaver in Production#

python

# BAD - ephemeral checkpointer in production
agent = create_deep_agent(
    checkpointer=InMemorySaver(),  # Lost on restart!
)

# GOOD - persistent checkpointer
from langgraph.checkpoint.postgres import PostgresSaver

agent = create_deep_agent(
    checkpointer=PostgresSaver.from_conn_string(DATABASE_URL),
)

23. Missing Recursion Awareness#

python

# BAD - no guard against long-running loops
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="Keep improving the solution until it's perfect."
)
# May hit recursion limit (default 1000)

# GOOD - explicit iteration limits
agent = create_deep_agent(
    system_prompt="""Improve the solution iteratively:
    - Maximum 3 revision cycles
    - Stop if quality score > 90%
    - Stop if no improvement after 2 iterations"""
)

Code Review Checklist#

See references/checklist.md for the full per-area checklist (Configuration, Backends, Subagents, Middleware, System Prompt, Performance). Run it after the Review gates and the numbered issue catalogue above.