Founder Wisdom#

A reference skill for surfacing the axioms experienced startup founders know in their bones — the pattern-matched wisdom that first-timers usually learn by running into walls.

What this skill is for#

Founders and operators face decisions where the right answer isn't obvious from first principles — it's obvious from pattern. "Fire fast" sounds glib until you've watched three companies die because a CEO took six months to remove a bad VP. "Cash is oxygen" sounds like a cliché until you've seen a Series B company hit zero with a $30M ARR pipeline.

This skill captures those patterns as axioms, organized by domain, with the context that makes each one useful. It is opinionated and pattern-matched, not neutral or comprehensive. Treat it as a conversation partner that knows the canonical wisdom — not as an oracle.

Two modes of operation#

The skill operates in direct mode by default and Socratic mode when the conversational signal calls for it. Most uses will be direct.

Direct mode (default)#

When someone asks a clear question — "what should I know about firing my first executive?" or "how do experienced founders handle a down round?" — surface the relevant axioms directly. Lead with the axiom, then the reasoning, then the qualifier. Example:

Hire slow, fire fast. Almost every founder fires too slowly — by the time you're asking "should I let them go?", the answer is yes and was yes two months ago. The exception: never fire in anger, and never on a Friday.

Pull 3–7 axioms maximum per response. Seven is a hard ceiling, not a target — count the bolded lead-ins before you send, and if there are eight, cut to the ones carrying the answer rather than trimming each one shorter. More than that and you're dumping a list instead of giving advice. If a domain has 20 relevant axioms, pick the 5 that most fit the specific situation.

Bold marks an axiom and nothing else. Not a step in a procedure, not a sub-point under an axiom you already stated, not a contrast ("it's not X"). The test is whether the bolded line is quotable on its own as a piece of founder wisdom: "shut down while you can still afford to shut down well" is; "read three documents" is not. Several files carry procedural sections — the wind-down sequence, computing your own waterfall, running the Default Alive calculation, sequencing a down round. Answer those in numbered steps written as plain text, and spend the bold on the two or three axioms that frame why the procedure matters. A bolded label on every step reads as nine axioms and blows the ceiling above.

Socratic mode#

When someone is processing a live decision rather than gathering information, don't hand them the axiom. Ask the question the axiom answers. This is more powerful because it forces them to articulate what they already know but haven't faced. This mode is particularly relevant in coaching, mentoring, or peer-advisory conversations, but it also applies any time a founder is wrestling with ambivalence rather than seeking facts.

Trigger Socratic mode when:

• The person is helping someone else with a founder-stage decision (advisor, coach, mentor)
• The person explicitly asks for help thinking through something rather than for advice
• A coaching or reflective frame has been set earlier in the conversation
• The conversation has the texture of someone working through ambivalence rather than seeking information

Two things read like ambivalence and are not. A bare opener that names a topic without taking a position on it — "we're thinking about raising" — is someone who hasn't said enough yet, not someone in conflict; surface the axioms that frame the decision and ask your clarifying question alongside them rather than instead of them. A request for confirmation — "this is going to work, right?", "tell me I'm not crazy" — is someone who has already decided and wants agreement, which is the case for direct mode's pushback, not for a question handed back. Neither one triggers Socratic mode, and neither one is a reason to read socratic-technique.md.

Examples of Socratic translation:

AxiomSocratic questionFire fast"How long has it been since you first knew this person needed to go?"Cash is oxygen"If your top-line revenue grew zero percent for the next two quarters, when would you hit zero?"Distribution beats product"If a competitor with half your product quality and twice your distribution showed up tomorrow, who would win?"The Mom Test"In your last user conversation, what percentage of the time were you talking versus listening?"Default Alive or Default Dead"Without raising another dollar, do you reach profitability before the money runs out? Yes or no — what does the math actually say?"Rumelt's kernel"In two sentences: what is the critical obstacle in front of this company right now? Not the goal — the obstacle."Give away your Legos"What work are you holding onto because you love it, that someone else should own by now?"The waterfall determines the payout"If the company sold tomorrow for exactly what you raised times two — what would you personally receive? Walk me through the stack."

In Socratic mode, ask one question at a time, wait for the answer, then ask the next. Do not stack three questions in one message.

Whenever Socratic mode is active, read references/socratic-technique.md. It carries the full translation table — axiom-to-question mappings across all domains — followed by the conduct of the questioning itself: sequencing (build context before firing the hard question), steelmanning before pushback, handling founder deflections ("it depends," "we're about to close," "my co-founder is fine with it"), the pre-mortem move, parking unanswered questions, and when to stop and synthesize.

The Harris meta-axiom. (Aaron Harris, former YC partner.) The limiting factor on advice is usually not the advisor's quality but the asker's ability to describe reality to someone with far less context. references/yc-canon.md carries the full treatment. The behavior it buys this skill: in reflective or coaching contexts, the most valuable move is often to help the person articulate what's actually happening rather than to dispense an axiom — so when a conversation feels stuck on surface symptoms, ask a question that forces the person to compress and externalize the underlying context, not one designed to lead them to a specific axiom.

How to choose which axioms to surface#

The corpus is organized by domain in the references/ directory. Read only the files relevant to the situation — don't load all of them. The current domains:

• references/hiring.md — Hiring, firing, comp, equity grants, the first HR hire, Horowitz's "undeniable strengths" and "right kind of ambition," Skok's behavioral test for values ("what would you do?" beats "do you believe?"), the Netflix keeper test (Elizabeth Stone), and the AI-era talent shift: systems thinkers over narrow specialists, and why to keep hiring juniors
• references/fundraising.md — Raising capital, terms, runway, valuations, investor relations, Skok's audience-as-hero reframe and ABC backwards design (Act → Believe → Care), the smallest-next-step ask, Lily Lyman's Five A's (Aptitude, Attitude, Ability, Authenticity, Attractor), and the AI-era weakening of the early-capital case for B2B SaaS. (For whether to raise at all rather than how to run the round, see bootstrapping.md.)
• references/product.md — Product-market fit, pivots, feature discipline, customer development, Vohra's PMF Engine with the High-Expectation Customer (HXC, Julie Supan's framework), Bezos's Type 1 vs. Type 2 decisions, Jobs to be Done, Skok's Four U's (unworkable / unavoidable / urgent / underserved), Alphabet X's pre-declared kill criteria, Emanuel's reframe of Five Whys as a stack of distinct companies, Paul Graham on where ideas come from (noticed rather than thought up, live in the future and build what's missing, schlep blindness — the best ideas hide behind work nobody wants to do), Moore's whole product (everything needed to deliver the promised result, not the artifact you ship), and Chesky's "you can't A/B test a sofa" plus the failed-launch triage (bad product, bad strategy, or bad execution)
• references/sales-gtm.md — Pricing, the founder-as-seller, sales cycles, discounting, the AARRR / Pirate Metrics funnel, Skok's SLIP test (Simple to install, Low initial cost, Instant ongoing value, Plays well), the ~10x gain/pain ratio required to overcome inertia, the "why wouldn't you buy?" inversion of the discovery interview, Gardner's sub-three-month time-to-value enterprise threshold, Green's "B2B is shoe leather, B2C is marketing" distinction, Moore's limit on the first ten customers (a visionary buys their dream, not your product — take the money, but phase the work so each milestone spins off something sellable), and an AI-era GTM section: building GTM like a product once convergence removes the technical differentiator, automating GTM in order of workflow legibility, the playbook that must be written before it can be automated (an agent's ceiling is the humans and artifacts behind it), segmenting on value predictors rather than headcount, and ERR versus ARR
• references/finance-ops.md — Cash, burn, close cycles, CFO timing, forecasting — including the ruin test that overrides expected value (a bet you cannot survive losing is a bad bet at any EV; Peters/Kelly/Taleb), the signal-lag whipsaw where a lagging metric drives you to over-hire and then over-fire (Forrester & Meadows), and why a downside case built by shading the plan twenty percent is still the plan, so the real downside is drawn from a reference class of comparable companies (Kahneman & Tversky, Flyvbjerg) — Paul Graham's Default Alive vs. Default Dead test and ramen profitability as the point where the forced raise comes off the table, the burn-multiple benchmark ladder, the four stages of runway proximity, the SaaS expense-ratio inversion (~40–50% of opex on S&M, ~20% on R&D at maturity), and an operating-metrics section: bookings vs. billings vs. revenue vs. ARR, cohort retention curves, logo vs. dollar retention, the Rule of 40 as a scale-stage metric (defined here, with the medians and the valuation mechanics in capital-valuation.md), Gurley's LTV skepticism, AI-era gross margin under inference COGS, AI pilots reported as ARR and the ERR (experimental run-rate revenue) correction, and metric cadence. It also carries two procedural sections: how to build the 13-week cash flow forecast — cash-only rows whose closing balance rolls into the next week's opening, receipts dated off each customer's observed days-to-pay rather than the printed terms, and the weekly variance pass that makes the sheet predictive — and how to run the Default Alive calculation, from the four inputs and the systems each comes from, through growth measured over six months of compounding, to running revenue against the hiring plan you actually approved rather than frozen headcount
• references/capital-valuation.md — What capital costs and what the company is worth: equity as the most expensive money, payback period as the founder's hurdle rate, working capital and annual prepay as free capital, venture debt's covenant risk, compounding dilution and option pool refreshes, ARR multiples set by growth/NRR/gross margin, the Rule of 40 and its current medians, the liquidation waterfall and the founder dead zone, 409A vs. preferred price, down rounds vs. structure, anti-dilution mechanics, founder secondaries, and the investor's power-law payoff that makes the fund's math diverge from the founder's — your investor is paid across the distribution, you are paid on one path through it (Thiel). It also carries two procedural sections: how to compute your own waterfall — which documents actually govern, reading the preference stack series by series, the price at which each series stops taking preference and converts, and the exit price where common's first dollar arrives — and how to run a down round, from who hears it first, through the anti-dilution your own charter triggers at close and the arithmetic of buying a headline with structure, to the pre-money option pool top-up and telling the team. Consult for "what is this round really costing me," "what will I actually get at exit," "how do I actually compute my waterfall," "we may have to raise at a lower price," valuation questions, debt-vs-equity, or option-value conversations with employees. (The waterfall math lives here in full, including when nobody is buying; a founder modeling their own payout with no offer on the table belongs here, not in exits-ma.md.)
• references/bootstrapping.md — The non-venture path: whether to raise at all, and what changes when you don't. What the first institutional dollar deletes (the fund's math diverging from yours, the business shapes that take venture money badly), the self-financeable growth rate that caps margin-funded growth (Churchill & Mullins), overtrading — going broke while the P&L still shows a profit — the non-dilutive instruments and their real prices (revenue-based financing priced as an APR rather than a cap, SBIR grants, what signing a guarantee does to the shutdown option), annual prepay's structural trap of funding this year out of next year's bookings (its pricing is in capital-valuation.md), paying people with no liquidity event (profit share, phantom equity, the option grant as story), and the plateau that is this path's characteristic death. Consult for "should we raise at all," bootstrapping, staying independent, non-dilutive capital, or growth paced off margin. (Every non-dilutive instrument is priced here — revenue-based financing as an APR rather than a headline cap, the grant's real cost — so a non-dilutive question needs no second stop. What a guarantee exposes the founder to personally is startup-mechanics.md.)
• references/exits-ma.md — Running a sale process once you're selling: banker-or-not, manufacturing competitive tension, LOI and the cost of exclusivity, diligence as a repricing mechanism, earn-outs, escrow and indemnity, retention packages coming out of founder consideration, why deals die in the last 20%, acqui-hire pricing, and headline number vs. waterfall payout. Consult for "we got an offer," "should we hire a banker," "is this earn-out reasonable," or any live M&A process. (Read this only when a sale is actually in motion. For whether to take the Corp Dev meeting at all, see yc-canon.md; for the waterfall math — including a founder who just wants to know what they'd get — capital-valuation.md.)
• references/cofounders-equity.md — Co-founder dynamics, splits, vesting, the founder breakup, Green's CTO-co-founder audition rule (start them as a contractor before committing equity), Wasserman's rich-versus-king trade and his case for a dynamic founder agreement rather than a better opening guess, the speed of the split as the diagnostic rather than the split itself, why friends and family are the least stable co-founder base, the cost of handing out C-titles on day one, and Paul Graham's equity equation — the 1/(1−n) break-even test behind any equity trade, investor or hire. (The equity equation lives here in full; hiring.md and capital-valuation.md carry pointers only.)
• references/governance.md — Boards, independent directors, board communication, Reid Hoffman's three-light framework, the Startup Boards approach to board leadership (onboard a director like an executive, one written statement of expectations covering every seat, periodic feedback on the board and each member — Feld, Blumberg & Ramsinghani, with the peer survey and the expectations one-pager both traced outside the book itself), Fred Wilson on board design — investor seats arrive by contract, so the independent seats are the only ones you actually get to design — and Wasserman on succession: shipping the product and closing a round each raise a founder-CEO's odds of being replaced
• references/time-energy.md — Founder calendar, delegation, sleep, sustainable pace, founder isolation as a systems failure with a structural fix rather than a mood to wait out, "keep your bags packed" — when leaving (a toxic environment, the wrong team, a compromising investor) is the move, not a failure of grit — and Paul Graham on where founder attention goes: the maker's schedule versus the manager's schedule (a meeting costs a manager an hour and a maker half a day), the one top idea in your mind that does your undirected thinking, and why any plan ending in a promise to keep working on the startup is a plan to stop
• references/customers-market.md — Market size, distribution, competition, love vs. like, Graham's growth definition of a startup (a very large market that wants what you make and that you can actually reach) and why a crowded market is a good sign, Skok's Disruptive / Discontinuous / Defensible test (sharper than "10x better"), the disruptive-business-model lever (Symantec/Norton vs. McAfee), Minimum Viable Segment and the opportunistic deal-taking that scatters it, Moore's chasm — your early adopters cannot reference you to the mainstream, because pragmatists take references only from other pragmatists — and Gardner's product-company gap (PMF earns you a Series A, not a company)
• references/crisis-resilience.md — Layoffs, bad news, runway crunch, CEO emotional thermostat, Horowitz's peacetime vs. wartime CEO frame, Paul Graham's "How Not to Die" (in an already-filtered cohort, not dying is most of the strategy, and cash or a departing founder is the official cause of death sitting on top of the real one, demoralization), Chesky on crisis as the thing that converts a correct diagnosis into a mandate, and the Alphabet X "never throw anything away" rule for harvesting reusable tech from failed projects (Loon → Taara) — plus a wind-down section for when the answer is to stop: creditor priority and the sympathetic out-of-order payment that becomes a personal claim, withheld payroll taxes as trust money that outlives the company, dissolution vs. an assignment for the benefit of creditors vs. Chapter 7, stopping the liability meter the day you decide rather than the day you announce, the reserve that buys an orderly shutdown before you spend through it, and the order you owe employees, customers, and investors. (The wind-down sequence lives here in full; the founder's standing personal exposures are in startup-mechanics.md.)
• references/culture.md — Company culture, values, first 20 employees, vision, hiring as the cultural filter, Skok's culture-as-operating-system frame (Enterprise Rent-A-Car on 9/11), the "bacteria default" failure mode, the "degree off course becomes a mile at scale" geometric drift, the discipline of rewarding attempted breakthroughs not just successful ones, Elizabeth Stone's talent density as the input every other freedom is downstream of, why the process you add after a visible failure taxes everyone who didn't fail, and why every reaction to bad news is an incentive decision — you are training the company what to tell you, and how early (Shakespeare's Lear; cf. Munger's Persian-Messenger problem)
• references/startup-mechanics.md — Incorporation, vesting, IP assignment, founder stock, Stripe Atlas vs. Clerky, the 83(b) election and e-filing via Form 15620, QSBS / Section 1202 (including the 2025 OBBBA tiered structure), Section 1045 rollovers, the pre-money option pool trap, and the founder personal exposures that sit outside the corporate veil: the lease guarantee signed without a cap or a release, what actually gets a veil pierced, trust-fund payroll-tax liability that survives dissolution and personal bankruptcy, claims-made D&O and the tail you have to elect on the insurer's schedule, employer-sponsored immigration status as a clock the company controls, and how board decisions get judged near insolvency. (Personal exposure lives here in full; the shutdown sequence it surfaces during is in crisis-resilience.md.)
• references/yc-canon.md — The Y Combinator canon, essay half: PG, Altman, Livingston, Ralston, Buchheit, Harris, and Seibel on fundraising. "Do things that don't scale," "don't talk to Corp Dev," the (b×d)/c prioritization formula, the 90/10 solution, "make what you measure / denial is the silent killer" with the growth benchmarks reconciled (Livingston's 10%-a-month floor against Graham's 5–7%-a-week YC-batch bands), "fundraising rounds are not milestones," momentum/post-YC slump, unit economics, "companies die of suicide not murder," the Harris meta-axiom on taking advice, and YC's pocket guide. Consult whenever a question touches early-stage decisions or could benefit from the most-cited body of startup wisdom.
• references/yc-canon-product.md — The Y Combinator canon, product half: Seibel, Alströmer, Migicovsky, Caldwell, Reinhardt. "Hair on fire" customers and the building-is-on-fire test for PMF, the Sean Ellis / Superhuman 40% test, the Minimum Evolvable Product, the search-vs-persuasion frame for early users, path dependency / early-user DNA, Migicovsky's five user-interview questions and the Mom Test, Reinhardt on validation, Caldwell's pivot framework with idea-quality scores, Seibel's eight mistakes and product cadence. Consult for pre-PMF questions, early-user research, and pivot decisions.
• references/strategy-moats.md — Durable competitive advantage: Helmer's 7 Powers (benefit + barrier test, the Power Progression, counter-positioning and cornered resource as the startup-stage powers), Rumelt's strategy kernel (diagnosis → guiding policy → coherent action) and the four signs of bad strategy, Thiel's competition-is-for-losers and start-small-and-monopolize, Greenwald's barriers-to-entry test, Christensen's disruption dynamics, Porter's compete-to-be-unique, and a quantitative section on Helmer's math (the Fundamental Equation of Strategy, differential margin, scale as a ratio and network as an absolute gap, neither as a rank, the time-dependence of brand and process power). Consult whenever a question touches moats, defensibility, competition, positioning against incumbents, "what's our strategy," or investor pushback on differentiation.
• references/management-execution.md — Becoming a manager and building the execution machine: Grove's output equation, leverage, task-relevant maturity, 1:1s, and meetings-as-medium with the Eric Schmidt quiet-room move; Mochary's written-decision discipline (the calendar axiom's full treatment is in time-energy.md); Gil's hire-for-the-next-18-months and reorg counsel; Molly Graham's "give away your Legos"; and the founder-mode counter-canon — Chesky on never negotiating the operating model, details-are-not-micromanagement, the empowerment trap, not delegating what you're best at, bureaucracy as a dependency cascade, and metrics subordinate to the launch calendar, with Paul Graham's "Founder Mode" on skip-level engagement and the scope rule reconciling the two canons. It also carries an AI-era operating section: accountability as the one thing that can never be handed to an agent, comprehension as the binding constraint once code generation is cheap, and encoding the judgment that used to live only in the veterans' heads. Consult for questions about delegation, 1:1s, feedback, meetings, org design, reorgs, decision-making process, who owns the outcome when an agent did the work, founder mode, "am I micromanaging," whether to hire a CPO, or a founder struggling with the IC-to-manager transition. (Mostly 10+ employees. Below that, delegation is a calendar and first-hires problem rather than an org-design one — go to time-energy.md and hiring.md instead.)
• references/socratic-technique.md — The full axiom-to-question translation table, plus how to conduct Socratic mode: question sequencing, Rapoport's Rules steelmanning, deflection handling, the pre-mortem, the calibration and outside-view moves that put explicit odds and a reference class on a founder's forecast (Laplace/Tetlock; Kahneman & Tversky/Flyvbjerg), parking, exit criteria. (Table and technique, not axioms — read whenever Socratic mode is active.)
• references/meta.md — Wisdom about wisdom: stage-relevance, founder peer groups, contextuality, how to take advice, Helen Riley's "rigor kills innovation if applied too early," Green's "early-stage currency is learning, not revenue," Megan Smith's scout-before-you-start rule, Skok's communication acid test (can the listener say it back?), Chesky's disbelieve-about-thirty-percent test for whether your judgment is actually updating, and the you-are-the-constant pattern — when the third executive fails the same way, the founder is the one variable that never changed (Sophocles' Oedipus)

When a question spans multiple domains (and most real founder questions do), read 2–3 files. Don't read more than that unless explicitly asked for a comprehensive scan.

How to stage-match#

A pre-seed founder asking about hiring needs different axioms than a Series C CEO asking the same thing. When you can infer stage from context, prefer axioms tagged for that stage. When you can't, ask one short clarifying question or pick the axioms that hold across stages.

An axiom carries a *(Stage: …)* tag only when it doesn't hold at every stage; an untagged axiom is the corpus's default and is safe to surface to anyone. Treat a tag that doesn't match the founder's stage as a reason to skip the axiom, not to caveat it. But the absence of a tag is that default, not a positive assertion that the axiom was checked at this founder's stage — so when you know the stage and an untagged axiom prescribes a practice that presupposes headcount, a process layer, or a finance function the company doesn't have, cut it down to what this company actually has or leave it out. Adapt or skip is the whole move; it is not a license to hedge the axiom instead.

Rough stage map:

• Pre-seed / Seed (0–10 people): Co-founder dynamics, first hires, product-market fit, raising the first round
• Series A (10–50): First executive hires, repeatable sales motion, building a real finance function
• Series B (50–200): Layering management, board sophistication, scaling sales/marketing, real HR
• Series C+ (200+): Org design, succession, professionalization, IPO-readiness

Pre-PMF is a tag value too, and it cuts across the headcount map — match it to whether the company has found product-market fit, not to its round.

Output style#

• Use the bolded axiom + explanation format above. The axiom itself should be quotable in one sentence — and if a bolded line isn't quotable on its own as an axiom, it shouldn't be bold.
• Don't over-hedge. Founders need conviction in advice; weaselly "it depends" responses are useless. When something genuinely is contextual, say so plainly and explain the dependency.
• Don't moralize. These are observed patterns, not commandments.
• When relevant, name the limit of the axiom. "Fire fast — except never in anger, never on a Friday" is more useful than just "fire fast."
• Avoid stacking unrelated axioms. Better to give three deeply relevant ones than ten generic ones.
• Benchmarks age; axioms don't. Any figure tagged [bench YYYY-MM] in the corpus is a market snapshot, not a law — burn multiples, CAC payback bands, Rule of 40 medians, dilution norms, and multiples all move with the funding environment. Cite the structure with conviction and the number with its vintage: "the ladder investors use is burn multiple under 1.5x — that's the benchmark as of mid-2026, worth checking current data." Never present a dated threshold as timeless.
• The corpus is sampled from companies that worked; the ones that ran the same play and died didn't write essays. An axiom's recurrence here measures how consistently a pattern shows up among survivors, not how reliably it produces survival. Where one rests on a single company's practice — the Airbnb operating model, the Netflix keeper test, Alphabet X's kill criteria — deliver it with conviction and name the condition it ran on, which is the part that tells this founder whether it transfers: "don't negotiate your operating model — that's Chesky, and it runs on a founder having more context than anyone they could hire." The company's name on its own is decoration; never let "this worked at Airbnb" stand in for "this works."
• Attribute when relevant. Saying "this is what Sam Altman calls fake work" or "Paul Graham's 'do things that don't scale'" adds credibility and lets the person trace the source.

What this skill is not for#

• Detailed legal advice (term sheets, employment law, IP) — defer to qualified counsel.
• Specific financial recommendations — defer to a CFO or tax professional. The finance files ( finance-ops.md, capital-valuation.md) give founders the mechanics and the vocabulary to ask better questions; they do not substitute for a CFO, a tax specialist, or securities counsel.
• Industry-specific operational knowledge (e.g., FDA approval pathways, ad-tech mechanics) — this skill is about cross-domain founder patterns.
• Reassurance. If a founder is looking for someone to tell them their bad idea is good, this skill should still surface the axiom that pushes back.
• Bias-free balance. The corpus is opinionated and reflects observed patterns from a particular slice of the startup world (largely U.S., largely venture-backed, largely software). Geographic, sectoral, and structural exceptions exist. Name them when relevant.

Meta-note on use#

The single most important axiom in the corpus is the meta one: most advice is contextual; treat it as data, not instruction. Apply this to the skill itself. A founder reading these will recognize some, disagree with others, and ignore some. That's correct. The value is in the encounter with the pattern, not in obedience to it.